The Austrian Education System free essay sample

The Austrian education system School in Austria is free and public and compulsory for all children for 9 years. The education for children is divided into three main categories which are primary, lower secondary and upper secondary school. Due to the School Act of 1962 a legal basis was set for primary and secondary education. Furthermore, these two school types are managed by the state. Primary education lasts for four years. The Lower Secondary education lasts also four years and the students have the possibility to inscribe for the general secondary or the academic secondary school. Next, upper secondary education lasts for five years. The first school year at upper secondary level is the final year of compulsory school for the Austrian’s majority. Finally, after finishing five years of upper secondary school schoolchildren receive the A-levels which is an entry to higher education for example, university. Apart from that, private schools are mainly provided by the Roman Catholic Church with a small percentage of 10 %. We will write a custom essay sample on The Austrian Education System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All in all, Austria has an adequate education system with a variety of schools and educational facilities. Moreover, if students choose the apprenticeship training the Austrian education system offers a job specific training and enables them to gain essential experience during the training period. However, a critical and controversial point, especially in the Lower Secondary school and at University, is that the state pushes a lot of money in the school system but it isn’t used effectively. A reason could be the old school and bureaucratic administration. It is my firm belief that, only a small amount of the state’s donation is used for teaching material. I have experienced that in my science class in the Lower Secondary school. There we had gadgets which were at least 20 years old and didn’t work properly. Besides, there is a lasting lack of teachers who are not sufficient educated. So when it comes to the situation that a teacher has to make a replacement, he is not able to teach the primal subject.

Compare and contrast auditory system and optical system

Compare and contrast auditory system and optical system Two of the most important sensory systems in human body are optical system and auditory system. Optical system or sometime called visual system involved in the process of taken amount of stimuli and transfer it into some figure that we can perceive as images that make senses. Auditory systems involved in sound wave that transduced by drum ear into some kind of vibration that eventually gets converted back into wave what we perceive as noise. There are a lot of similarities in their mechanisms of how they gather, carry and prepare those informations from sensory neurons. However, there are also a lots of differences on how each system operated and where does it takes information into difference area of the brain.For both systems, optical and auditory, the information comes from our environment in many forms. For example, optical system detected all still images and image in motion as far as human eyes can see.en:Steps involved in hearing speech: Sound signals...The auditory is ready t o absorb any noise or sound for twenty-four hours a day. Their structures and mechanisms are similar in a way they gather information, prepare and perceive those information into something that make sense in our brain. After the sensory neurons carry information into specific system each detect, transduce and coding those information before they being send to central system, the brain. Both systems have similar structure that transmit those information to the final destination, the brain.Even though, both system basic the same. Each system perceive those information that perceive from sensory neuron in totally different way. For instance, optical system receive visible spectrum of wave of electromagnetic radiation. The frequency of wave created color and distinguish brightness by amplitude. In auditory system, the frequency of wave created tone ( pitch) and loudness by amplitude.For the optical system, the cornea...

Information Technology Architectures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Information Technology Architectures - Essay Example The client is a workstation computer which runs front-end applications. It communicates with the user through the keyboard, mouse and the display. The client also recalls to the client process that operates on the client machine. The client performs its processes from the server displaying information managed by the server. Therefore, the client does not posses responsibilities to direct data accessibility; thus the client workstation can be optimized for its duties. For example, it requires minimal disk capacity. The client is indispensable to allow implementation of several client servers, ranging from personal computers to mainframes and several client interfaces to store and retrieve information. Oracle 7 implements the ANSI/ISO and SQL interfaces and standards fully support the client environment (Belapurkar, 2009). The server is a tool that Oracle7 software runs on and handles the essential functions for concurrent access of shared data. Referred to as back-end server, a statement derived from the processes that the server machine does (Belapurkar, 2009). The server process SQL and PL/SQL statements received from the client applications. The server can be optimized for its functions. For example, it can have fast processors and a large disk capacity. It can also take the input/output disk operations such as, file transfer and printing of documents. The network facilitates remote data access through a server to the server and client server communication. Oracle’s network facilities allow applications and databases to reside on different computers with different operating systems at the same time communicating as peer applications (Belapurkar, 2009). Distributed systems architecture enhances hardware and software resource sharing as shown from a loosely coupled distributed system which is a single-user workstation enabling accessibility, of shared resources and data in other server computers (Belapurkar,

Global disaster Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global disaster - Research Paper Example Ultimately, the paper draws a conclusion on why drought is important, the effects of ignoring it, and the need for future research to address this global disaster. Scientists agree that drought is hazardous to the environment and relates to the scarcity of water in the earth surface. Apparently, the globe is encountering alarming water levels in MENA that define global drought. As such, drought is a global disaster subject to its adverse effects on the environment and global population especially in the developing nations (Pozzi et al. 776). The 2012 National Drought Forum report asserts that drought is the third most dominant global disaster after floods and earthquakes. Drought has been a prevalent global disaster for almost three decades subject to the magnitude and frequency of its motivation factors. It is inherently difficult to understand and define drought since its effects vary from one region to another. Different nations have distinct ways of defining drought. Generally, drought emanates from the lack of precipitation in a given area for a long time (The National Drought Mitigation Center 1). We can only define drought in seasons and shortage of water supply in the environment. Humans consider drought with reference to precipitation where we assess the level of dryness and the duration of a dry season. The consideration relates to meteorological drought that applies to a specific region as defined by varying precipitation levels (Saddleback Educational Publishing 17). Hydrological drought is another form of drought and relates to how decreasing precipitation influences stream flow, soil moisture, reservoir and lake levels, and groundwater recharge (Saddleback Educational Publishing 17). Moreover, we have agricultural drought that relates to a situation where the level of water supply cannot meet agricultural water demands (Saddleback Educational Publishing 17). There are various ways that drought can occur. Numerous scientists have

Drug Trafficking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Drug Trafficking - Essay Example Although the U.S. forces tend to patrol this vast area, they rely heavily on international partnerships in closely coordinating enforcement operations along with the interdiction forces of the majority of Western Hemisphere, as well as European nations so as to limit drug traffickers with the utilization of air and maritime routes. This interdiction takes a team effort thereby relying on the successful execution of a number of steps within an interdiction continuum, comprising of the collection, as well as dissemination of exploitable intelligence, the recognition and monitoring of suspicious vessels, along with the tangible interdiction of those vessels. The objective of the national interdiction according to the National Drug Control Strategy has succeeded in creating a removal rate of about 40% of the documented cocaine flow whose destination is the United States through FY2015. Although this is a significant development, a lot needs to be done concerning the interdiction of cocaine. Typically, within the eastern Pacific, there are fishing vessels transporting multiton cargos of cocaine leave Colombian, as well as Ecuadorian Pacific coast ports through to the delivery points via the Central American or even the Mexican coast. Within the Caribbean, there are high-speed go-fast vessels, transporting not less than two metric tons of cocaine at a time, depart from the north coast of Colombia headed to delivery points within the eastern Caribbean or enfolded the Central American coastline within their track north to destinations along the Central American, as well as Mexican coastlines. As a result, a fishing vessel operation is capable of lasting nearly six weeks, whereas go-fast operations go on normally for one or two days. Throughout the past few years, there has been a rise in the quantity of go-fast boats engaged in smuggling; such craft happen to be small, very fast, almost invisible to radar, as well as hard to see within daylight. To counteract the go-fast risk, the U.S. Coast Guard has purchased new equipment while developing capabilities in using armed helicopters, over-the-horizon cutter boats, along with non-lethal vessel-stopping technologies. On the other hand, drug traffickers tend to use latest and innovative techniques in transporting drugs to the United States, involving the development, together with an enhancement of low-profile, completely-submersible and totally submersible vessels. The quality of production, together with operational abilities of these vessels gives traffickers the opportunity of moving more products with superior stealth. These vessels are capable of travelling long distan ces with no support thereby permitting traffickers superior flexibility when planning possible drop locations.2 Interdiction is and must carry on being a vital constituent of the National strategy, as an accompaniment to other approaches in reducing drug supply. As a result, any analysis defining success within the area of interdiction as arresting all, or almost all, smuggled drugs tends to be unrealistic, as well as counter-productive. To the degree that is an exceptionally costly method; additional expenditures should be weighed particularly keenly, especially if they have the impact of reducing funds present for other efforts in reducing supply and demand. Nonetheless, there is the upgrading of the interdiction efforts made devoid of any noteworthy increase in funding. The most significant requirement in the interdiction field happens to be leadership. In order to pursue effective and expeditious innovation, as well as increased commitment, both through foreign governments, toge ther with private agencies, a

Definition of Community in Community Health Nursing

Definition of Community in Community Health Nursing Give a definition of what a community is it is not solely geography, but includes factors of culture, ethnicity, age, etc. Consider principles of community care and critically discuss how a PHN in Ireland could ensure that care provided in her particular community is both inclusive and comprehensive. Introduction A community may be defined in many different ways. Community care can also be defined differentially, maybe in relation to a fundamental philosophy, may in terms of imposed limitations and definitions of community delineation. Discussion One definition of;community’ is â€Å"A social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage† (http://www.sustainablemeasures.com/Training/Indicators/Cmmunty.html). This notion of community identifies the key elements of community in relation to healthcare that concern healthcare service providers and policy makers. Communities can be defined in terms of their location, but it is not enough to delineate communities in terms of specific areas, because communities are not simply collections of people who are in close proximity with each other by happenstance (Webb, 1986). Communities occur because of features which bring people together, often because of need, such as family support, or because of common interest, such as healthcare support groups. However, not all groups which share a common interest are communities (Trevilion, 1993). Location and purpose seem to be aspects of com munity, sharing not only common interest but common activities and common purposes, common concerns and common needs (Sines et al, 2005). Culture, ethnicity, age, gender, sexuality, all of these can be characteristics which define a community, but they could also be different elements of identities and needs within a particular community. For example, it is possible to talk of traveller community health, traveller women’s health, gay men’s health, and the like, and thus we are referring to communities which may exist within geographical communities, or despite geographical boundaries (McMurray, 2003). Within the United Kingdom, issues surrounding community health and wellbeing have concerned healthcare providers, particularly in defining distinct communities or sectors of communities, in order to identify health needs and develop and mobilise services in order to meet those needs (Lewis, 1999). However, these needs and the communities focused on have been traditionally limited to government-defined communities or definitions of who belongs to what community (Lewis, 1999). More recently, the re-orientation of UK healthcare services towards a more patient-centred model has led to the upsurge of service user involvement in design, development and evaluation of services (Pickar et al, 2002; Simpson et al, 2006; Tait and Lester, 2005; Telford and Faulkner, 2004; Humphreys, 2005). This could be viewed as a means of breaking down the traditional hierarchical barriers between ‘the community’ or communities being served by healthcare providers, and the providers themselves (Telford and Faulkner, 2004). Addressing community needs can be informal, local, or national and formal, and seems to form part of governance strategies in the UK and Ireland (DoHC, 2001). Such strategies also now seem to focus not only on the service user information role, through gathering feedback and through service user involvement (Poulton, 1997), but also the need for greater collaboration, within and between healthcare and community/ social care/ voluntary sector agencies (Cumberledge, 1986; Fisher et al, 1999). These are all very good ideals, but in order to make user involvement and collaborative approaches work, information needs to be applied to practice, and practice needs to be changed for the better. This requires staff at some level to enforce these changes. It might be that the Public Health Nursing role within the Irish community healthcare context could be viewed as one of the loci for the enforcement of community-oriented healthcare provision. However, more information is needed on how this ‘enforcement’ of change could be achieved through this role. For example, collaborative care planning, needs assessment and care provision has existed for decades (see for example, Webb, 1986), but this kind of joined up working is still not a reality of practice, with failings in communication and challenges of interprofessional working still dogging the footsteps of primary healthcare providers (Poulton and West, 1999). If healthcare providers cannot work well with each other, they set a poor example for joined up working with community-focused or community-derived groups, as well as individuals who identify themselves as belonging to certain communities. Community services within the Irish context cover both health services –primary, secondary and tertiary – and social care services, all of which are supposed to meet the needs of the individual and the community. However, provision and suitability of services can vary by location. Because of the diverse nature of communities, it might be difficult to provide services which meet all community needs in any given location. This would suggest a need for flexibility of care provision, and again underlines the need for good inter-professional, inter-disciplinary, and inter-agency working. Public Health Nurses are accustomed to working with multiple professions and agencies, but there is a need to re-evaluate concepts of diversity in relation to the communities which occur within their sphere of practice. Conclusion Community is a term which encompasses many aspects of social life. Healthcare services which have a community focus would have to be very flexible, adaptable, and even creative, because of the increasingly diverse nature of communities. This diversity emerges not only from social changes, some of which are driven by economic, media and technological changes, but also by new understandings of communities and their inherent components, differences and similarities. Community focused models of service design and provision are those which would involve service users in design, planning, governance and evaluation of services, but such involvement must be representative of the increasing diversity of the communities concerned. Public health nurses are in a good position to access and support all sectors of the community within the Irish context, and to support service users to provide input into all levels of health and social care provision, even into healthcare professional education. However, understanding communities is an ongoing issue and services must be designed to reflect the true needs of each community. As such, they must be responsive rather than prescriptive. References Cumberlege, J. (1986) Collaboration. London: Centre for Advancement of Interprofessional Education Department of Health and Children (2001) Primary Care: a New Direction. Available from: http://www.dohc.ie/publications/pdf/primcare.pdf?direct=1 Accessed 10-11-08. Fisher, B., Neve, H. Zoe, H. (1999) â€Å"Community development, user involvement and primary health care: community development has much to offer primary care groups.† British Medical Journal 318 (7186) 749-750. Humphreys, C. (2005) Service user involvement in social work education: a case example. Social Work Education 24 (7) 797-803. Lewis, J. (1999) The concepts of community care and primary care in the UK: the 1960s to the 1990s Health and Social Care in the Community 7 (5) 333-341. McMurray, A. (2003) Community Health and Wellness A Sociological Approach. 2nd Ed. Elsevier, Australia Pickar, S., Marshall, M., Rogers, A. et al (2002) â€Å"User involvement in clinical governance.† Health Expectations 5 187-198. Poulton, B.C. (1997) Consumer feedback and determining satisfaction with services. IN: Mason, C. (ed) Achieving Quality in Community Health Care Nursing London: Macmillan Press. Poulton, B. and West, M. (1999) The Determinants of Effectiveness in Primary Health Care Teams. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 13:1 Simpson, E.L, Barkham, M, Gilbody, S. and House, A. (2006) Involving service users as researchers for the evaluation of adult statutory mental health services. The Cochrane Library 3 Sines, D., Appleby, F. and Frost, M. (2005) Community Health Care Nursing 3rd Ed. Bath: Blackwell Publishing. Tait, L. Lester, H. (2005) â€Å"Encouraging user involvement in mental health services.† Advances in Psychiatric Treatement 11 168-175. Telford, R. and Faulkner, A. (2004) Learning about service user involvement in mental health research. Journal of Mental Health 13 (6) 549-559. Trevillion, S. (1993) Care in the Community a Networking Approach to Community Partnership. London: Longman Van Teijlingen, E.R., Hundley, V., Rennie, A.M. et al (2003) Maternity satisfaction studies and their limitations, Birth 30 (2) 75-82. Webb, A. (1986) Collaboration in Planning a pre-requisite of Community Care. In Webb, A. and Sistow, G. Eds. Planning Needs and Scarcity. Essays on Personal Social Services. London: Allen and Unwin

The Tragedy of Macbeth :: Classics, Shakespeare

â€Å"Macbeth,† written by William Shakespeare initially described the main character, Macbeth, as an honorable, brave, loyal hero. He was a Scottish General and thane of Glamis. Macbeth fought for his country and supported the king. Macbeth was looked up to and admired for being so courageous and brave. He understood the difference between right and wrong. Macbeth was a man who seemed to have everything, including a loving wife! So what happened to this great man? How did he change from a hero to a villain in a very short time? Macbeth had a very bad character flaw. He was a powerful man, but he was not virtuous; thus, he allowed many outside influences to invade his thoughts and he acted on them! He was immoral. The first outside influence that allowed Macbeth to begin showing his true colors was the three witches. The witches addressed Macbeth as Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor and King of Scotland (1.3.49-51). Initially Macbeth is stunned by the way they addressed him and he had many questions. He was confused and, yet a bit excited. His best friend, Banquo, was with him and both of them began asking questions. Banquo was told that he would father a line of kings (1.3.68). While Macbeth and Banquo were still talking with the witches and asking them questions, they disappeared. Two of the king’s men arrived and told Macbeth that King Duncan had sent them to thank him for defending the country and that King Duncan wanted to see Macbeth to give him good news. They told Macbeth that King Duncan told them to call him thane of Cawdor (1.3.107). When the witches’ first prediction came true, Macbeth began to think that he might become King of Scotland. In doing so, he imm ediately began to think about murdering King Duncan (1.3.135-141). This is the first sign of the evil that lies within Macbeth! Macbeth sent a letter to Lady Macbeth to tell her of the witches’ predictions and how the first prediction came true. While reading the letter, Lady Macbeth, thinking about her husband’s nature as she knew it for many years, felt that he had ambition but that he did not have a mean streak that would allow him to kill King Duncan (1.5.15-19).

Dynamics Of Globalization Essay

Liberalism usually refers to a wide range of associated ideologies, political traditions, philosophical views and doctrines which oftentimes emphasize individual rights and advocates individual liberty. Liberalism seeks a society distinguished by a freedom of thought for individuals. Embedding it globally of course would propose both advantages and disadvantages which definitely should be weighed first. A body thus is necessary, to weight these advantages and disadvantages, which is comprised of people who don’t â€Å"act† but rather implement for the benefit of a greater number of people if not all without disregarding their freedom. The proposed or depicted main drivers of the anti-globalization backlash should be taken into account before its implementation or execution and certain measures should be done to avoid them, if not totally remove them. The first backlash, the highly unequal distribution of benefits of globalization may be unfair to countries that cannot stand up on its own or is taken advantage of by larger or dominating countries. Globalization may be seen as a way to pursue self-interests and personal goals of one country to the other. It is the objective of the body to make sure that the benefit is received by a larger number of people, if not all. If the body performs poorly and does not overcome the first backlash, then the second backlash may arise and complications would start to pile up. The second backlash, which is activated by a growing imbalance in global rule making, places the implementation of globalization under the scrutiny of all involving countries. It is necessary to create a body that favors the needs of all involving countries and creates programs or projects that negates the first backlash of globalization. The policy or rule-making body or Union of selected countries which was created, must weigh all the needs and woes of the all the countries before creating a rule. Globalization places people at a stand where they are at greater vulnerability in terms of economic instability and social dislocation, sometimes at lightning speed, by unfamiliar and unpredictable forces. The policy or rule-making body or Union should be able to at least create precautionary measures or after measures regarding the unpredictable forces and be able to disseminate information regarding the globalization to the people in order for them to be less vulnerable if not totally invulnerable to economic instability and social dislocation. Globalization, would affect the veracity or integrity of cultures and power of states in one way or the other. Moreover, people would most-likely be confused whether who to turn for when they start to look for jobs or turn to when they need to be heard regarding their woes and needs. It is again the job of the Union to see to it that the people are taken care of and not taken for granted. It is their responsibility to give better and more jobs as globalization starts to be implemented and rise. For an effective globalization, there should be an effective or even distribution of power and benefit, fair global rule making, better information dissemination, greater employment rate, and less vulnerability to economic instability and culture disintegration. As such, a policy or rule-making body of selected countries or representative of all the countries should be created to ensure effective globalization. Kofi Annan’s Global Compact may be able to meet the challenges of globalization and serve as the body that might solve the problem of the backlashes stated. The Global Compact, announced by Kofi Annan in an address to The World Economic Forum on January 31, 1999, is a program to promote businesses globally to assume sustainable and publicly responsible and accountable policies or guidelines, and to account and report on them. Under the Global Compact, companies are conveyed together with labor groups, civil societies and United Nation agencies. The Global Compact, upon its initiation or opening consisted of more than 3,300 companies from all regions of the world and also includes a smaller number of international labor and civil society organizations. The Global Compact, though not a regulatory body, is a forum for dialogues and debates and a system for communication and a pool of messages including governments. It would seek to influence and persuade companies and stand for the stakeholders of civil society organizations. The Global Compact’s objectives are deliberately and purposely flexible and sometimes vague, but it distinguishes the subsequent channels through which it gives facilitation and promotes dialogue. Furthermore, Kofi Annan’s Global Compact has ten principles. These ten principles help in addressing 3 aspects namely, human rights, labor standards, environment and anti-corruption. Globalization’s negative effects or backlashes such as those with regards income, employment, identity and accountability, can be addressed and aided. An example of principle where liberalism is embedded is the principle regarding labor standards. Global Compact states that there is freedom or liberty of organization or union and the effective acknowledgment of the right to collective bargaining. Furthermore, there is the removal of all forms of forced and obligatory labor. Embedding liberalism indeed may help, but I believe that the Global Compact would be is needed and may serve as initiator of an effective Globalization. REFERENCE: Ruggie, John Gerard. â€Å"Taking Embedded Liberalism Global: The Corporate Connection. † (2003).

Fluorine Facts - Atomic Number 9 or F

Fluorine Facts - Atomic Number 9 or F Fluorine is a halogen that exists under ordinary conditions as a pale yellow diatomic gas. The element is found in fluoridated water, toothpaste, and refrigerants. Here are facts about this interesting element. Fluorine Atomic Data Atomic Number: 9 Symbol: F Atomic Weight: 18.998403 Discovery: Henri Moissan 1886 (France) Electron Configuration: [He]2s22p5 Word Origin:  The name fluorine comes from the Latin and French fluere: flow or flux. Sir Humphry Davy proposed the element name, based on its presence in fluoric acid. The -ine suffix is consistent with the naming of other halogens. However, the element is named fluor in Greek and Russian. In early papers, it is referred to as fluorum. Properties: Fluorine has a melting point of -219.62 °C (1 atm), boiling point of -188.14 °C (1 atm), density of 1.696 g/l (0 °C, 1 atm), specific gravity of liquid of 1.108 at its boiling point, and valence of 1. Fluorine is a corrosive pale yellow gas. It is highly reactive, participating in reactions with virtually all organic and inorganic substances. Fluorine is the most electronegative element. Metals, glass, ceramics, carbon, and water will burn with a bright flame in fluorine. It is possible that fluorine can substitute for hydrogen in organic reactions. Fluorine has been known to form compounds with rare gases, including xenon, radon, and krypton. Free fluorine has a characteristic pungent odor, detectable at concentrations as low as 20 ppb. Toxicity: Both elemental fluorine and the fluoride ion are highly toxic. The recommended maximum allowable concentration for a daily 8-hour time-weighted exposure is 0.1 ppm. Neither fluorine nor its ion, fluoride, are considered trace nutrients for human nutrition. However, fluoride does impact bone strength. Uses: Fluorine and its compounds are used in producing uranium. Fluorine, in the form of fluorite, is added during smelting to help reduce the melting points of metals. Fluorochlorohydrocarbons are used in refrigeration applications. Fluorine is used to produce many chemicals, including several high-temperature plastics. The presence of sodium fluoride in drinking water at the level of 2 ppm may cause mottled enamel in teeth, skeletal fluorosis, and may be associated with cancer and other diseases. However, topically applied fluoride (toothpaste, dental rinses) may help reduce the incidence of dental caries. Sources: Fluorine occurs in fluorspar (CaF) and cryolite (Na2AF6) and is widely distributed in other minerals. It is obtained by electrolyzing a solution of potassium hydrogen fluoride in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in container of transparent fluorspar or metal. Element Classification: Halogen Isotopes: Fluorine has 17 known isotopes ranging from F-15 to F-31. F-19 is the only stable and most common isotope of fluorine.Density (g/cc): 1.108 ( -189 °C) Appearance:  At room temperature and pressure, pure fluorine is a very pale, greenish-yellow, pungent, corrosive gas. Liquid fluorine, like chlorine, is bright yellow. Solid fluorine is found in alpha and beta allotropes. The alpha form is opaque, while the beta form is transparent. Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 17.1 Covalent Radius (pm): 72 Ionic Radius: 133 (-1e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.824 (F-F) Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 0.51 (F-F) Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 6.54 (F-F) Pauling Negativity Number: 3.98 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1680.0 Oxidation States: -1 Lattice Structure: Monoclinic CAS Registry Number: 7782-41-4 Fluorine Trivia Fluorine in the form of the mineral fluorite was used in the 1500s to aid in ore smelting.Fluorine was suspected to be an element as early as 1810 but wasnt successfully isolated until 1886. Many chemists trying to isolate the element would be blinded or even killed by the violent reactions that generally accompany fluorine gas.Henri Moissan earned the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for being the chemist who finally successfully isolated fluorine (and also invented the electric arc furnace).Fluorine is the 13th most common element in the Earths crust.Fluorine is the 24th most abundant in the universe. Fluorine Fast Facts Element Name: FluorineElement Symbol: FAtomic Number: 9Appearance: Pale yellow gas.Group: Group 17 (Halogen)Period: Period 2Discovery: Henri Moissan (June 26, 1886) Sources Emsley, John (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1998). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.Moissan, Henri (1886). Action dun courant à ©lectrique sur lacide fluorhydrique anhydre. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des sà ©ances de lAcadà ©mie des sciences (in French). 102: 1543–1544.Nielsen, Forrest H. (2009). Micronutrients in Parenteral Nutrition: Boron, Silicon, and Fluoride. Gastroenterology. 137 (5): S55–60. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.07.072Patnaik, Pradyot (2007). A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances (3rd ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-71458-3.

The Eclectic And Reflective Nature Social Work Essay Essays

The Eclectic And Reflective Nature Social Work Essay Essays The Eclectic And Reflective Nature Social Work Essay Essay The Eclectic And Reflective Nature Social Work Essay Essay the typically low degree of wage for people in this class and inflexible nature of traveling from benefit claimant through into employment as restricting factors in increasing the life opportunities of kids and immature people in this sort of state of affairs. To back up this claim the more general findings of Tunnard ( 2004 ) are highlighted which link parental sick wellness jobs and household poorness and indicate that 50 % of handicapped people have incomes below half the national norm, this rises to 60 % for handicapped grownups with kids ( Gould 2006 ) . Guess in this study suggests that the figures would be worse in households where one or more parents experience important and digesting mental jobs. Therefore it is sensible to assume in the instance of Ruth and Megan that their degree of income is and will stay at a low degree without some important lifestyle alterations. Specific links between fiscal adversity and mental wellness are taken from an unpublished paper by Social Exclusion Unit in 2004 detailing the impact of poorness on mental ailment wellness, the trouble people experience had in accessing fiscal advice /services, disproportional dependance on province benefits, fluctuating incomes determined by wellness position and the challenge of procuring the right degree if benefit/personal finance. General findings about the impact on household poorness are besides relevant in the instance of Ruth and Megan and it is a factor that is really likely to add to the symptomology common to people diagnosed with marginal personality upset. Furthermore, as benefits and societal attention resources are constrained against a background of cardinal authorities s thrust to set people back into work, Spencer and Baldwin ( 2007 ) argue that many parents in the UK are expected to convey up their households in the context of unreasonably scarce resources . Therefore, practicians need to take into history Ruth and Megan s societal and economic factors when measuring their single demands, hazard and in finding a curative tract for this household. As might be expected, given these negative fiscal, wellness and well-being determiners societal exclusion is a likely to be a factor that needs to be overcome if an holistic, person-centred attack is to be adopted in back uping this household. Developing schemes to get the better of the destructive behavior that Ruth has developed as her personal header from mechanisms is a cardinal factor in turn toing the wider concern of her and Megan s societal exclusion and isolation. Megan s current state of affairs, which is one of compromised chance, a limited societal life, onerous duties, isolation, scarce personal resources and a deficiency of attending to her ain demands, represents the state of affairs of many carers in the UK, particularly so those who have or have had duties as a immature carer. . Research by Aldridge and Becker, ( 1999, p.306 ) suggests that kids who provide caring support to parents with mental unwellness will be more susceptible to increased degrees of anxiousness, depression, fright, alteration in behavioral and societal forms every bit good as being more at hazard of transmittal of the peculiar parental status . As caring moves through into maturity the hereafter tends to stay black and research from the Health and Social Care Information Centre ( 2010 ) studies increased grounds of hapless wellness, low income and a general sense of hopelessness for carers in the visible radiation of ongoing cuts to societal attention budgets. The chance for any important betterment is every bit cheerless. In sing the inside informations of this instance the eclectic and brooding nature of societal work is an attack that seems suited for the complexnesss back uping people with mental ailment wellness, peculiarly the of all time altering presentations of people who have a diagnosing of marginal personality upset. Payne ( 2009, p.100 ) describes the utility of these attacks in instance work foregrounding how practicians can follow and utilize theories together, possibly all at one time or possibly in turn or utilize different theories in different instances . Because this method requires important accomplishment and understanding Payne cites Epstein ( 1992 ) who suggests that flexible squad attacks to contemplation, argument and application offer a utile manner frontward to the bringing of flexible moment to minute pattern in response to complex instances. Payne ( 2009 ) identifies systems theory as being an of import facet of eclectic method. Pincus and Minahan ( 1973 ) applied the a ttack to societal work pattern and depict three types of system these being informal or natural ( friends/family ) , formal ( community groups, etc. ) and social systems ( hospital/schools, etc. ) . Peoples with mental wellness jobs are likely to hold some trouble in utilizing assisting systems to better their wellness, life experiences and general wellbeing. Using systems theory involves placing the point, and jobs persons experience in the interactions with their environment. The stages of this include measuring ; making/negotiating contracts ; forming/coordinating actions ; re-forming and influencing action systems ; ending alteration attempts. Payne ( 2005 ) extends the application of this attack and makes clear links to ecological systems theory, crisis theory/models and undertaking centred working. The application of these, peculiarly crisis intercession, could work in connexion with Ruth s current troubles and potentially offers short term span toward longer term curative wo rk. However in following this attack it is deserving sing the cautiousness raised by Doel ( 2009 ) and he notes that if done ill than crisis/task centred work can go inflexible, everyday and possibility lead to some degree of societal control. Doel suggests utilizing these methods should be accompanied by developing that considers factors such as values, attitudes and their application in pattern. Sherry ( 2007 ) identifies the increasing consideration and application of fond regard theory ( Bowlby 1973 ) in the causing of marginal personality upset and cites legion influences as menaces to attachment in childhood. Hazard factors in this respect include sexual injury ( Laporte A ; Guttman, 1996 ) , parental disregard ( Paris, 1997, 1998 ) , household instability and emotional disregard all of which are considered to lend to the development of personality manners in big life. For practicians, the logical thinking of Ivey 1989 who suggested utmost behavior by clients could be linked to their development history and the manner they respond and bring intending to their experiences in ulterior life. Therefore hapless parenting experienced by Ruth could hold been instrumental portion in the development of behaviors that for her now carry the label of marginal personality upset ( West A ; Sheldon-Keller ( 1994 ) . Therefore the assemblage of information in appraisal procedures can be a important factor in working out the manner and content of societal work intercession. In sing the tracts of person who experiences important mental wellness issues it is clear that from many positions that society perceptual experiences, life chances and thereby single wellbeing are compromised in many countries of life. The battle for a more balanced and supportive attack to mental wellness has been carried by the service user/survivor motion for many old ages and the demand for reform has led to many runs. It is easy to understand the demand secure better intervention and push through system reforms given subjugation, rejection and widespread ignorance that characterises the history of mental wellness in the UK. Ferguson ( 2008 ) foreground how the now recognized place of the subsister motions forcing for greater acknowledgment of the predicament of people with mental wellness issues came from the digesting effects of stigma, impotence, inequality and segregation which have been utilised to force governmental thought and maintain mental wellness, wellbeing and socie tal attention as political issues. The battle for improved rights and chance among the subsister motion merely truly collected gait in the 1970s ( Campbell 1996 ) ( Beresford, 1997 ) and in the early phases tended to concentrate on little scale self-help and common support enterprises. More late there has been greater, towards collective national runs refering intervention, reacting the alterations of the mental wellness statute law and broader battles to alter attitudes and apprehensions of lunacy and hurt. This has been cardinal to switching the stigma of mental wellness and clearly it is something that needs to go on. General concerns expressed by Campbell ( 2005 ) link good to Ruth s state of affairs and the urgent structural concerns that tend to convey of poorness, deficiency of chance, isolation, ennui, hopelessness and therefore a go oning committedness to province imposed legal and medical limitations are clearly relevant to the instance survey. Evidence of the negative impact of mental sick wellness can be found in the wellness inequalities highlighted in research carried out for the Disability Rights Commission in 2006 which showed that people with terrible mental unwellness are at higher hazard of sick wellness across a figure of conditions. Their study Equal Treatment: Closing the Gap highlighted increased incidence of clinical fleshiness, coronary bosom disease, diabetes, high blood force per unit area among people with terrible mental wellness issues. It besides noted higher hazards in connexion with people developing high blood force per unit area, shot, respiratory jobs and intestin e and chest malignant neoplastic disease. They are besides more likely to smoke. Although the grounds for this inequality are complex and have far making deductions for public wellness policy shapers, the effect remains that people who experience long-run mental ailment wellness dice on mean 5 to 10 old ages younger than other people, frequently from preventable unwellnesss. The response to this research and the continued focal point on issues of inequality, unfairness and stigma by administrations such as Rethink Mental Illness is yielded some important consequences with increased focal point on physical wellness being pursued within community mental wellness squads, increased focal point on speaking therapies and Mental Health ( Discrimination ) Bill traveling through to the House of Lords for farther argument. ( Rethink, 2012 ) However it is progressively evident that people with a diagnosing of marginal personality upset are capable to a specific type of stigma and favoritism that impacts on the relationships that are cardinal to accomplishing to accomplishing some degree of stableness in their lives, these being the therapeutic links with practicians within community mental wellness services. Ruth s status unluckily fits in with the perceptual experience held amongst professionals that it is about or wholly untreatable. Personality disordered patients are frequently described as the patient physiatrists disfavor and are frequently viewed as clip cachexia, hard, attending seeking, and manipulative bed blockers. ( Hadden A ; Haigh, 2002 ) . Having antecedently highlighted the significance of person-centred theory and attacks in developing curative confederations, it is supremely that favoritism within assisting professions can be raised so easy as cardinal restricting factor. Markham ( 2003 ) high spots multiple differences in the reactions of professional staff towards people who have a diagnosing of BPD. The suggestion is that the label leads to increased societal rejection, deceased optimism and acceptance of two-channel typical attitudes by staff hence making hazard of less favorable and thereby effectual intervention every bit compared to other groups of people with terrible and digesting mental wellness issues. As might be expected, the research draws to a great extent on labelling theory: The negative service user experience detailed by Wright A ; Jones ( 2012 ) in typifies Ruth s historical curative tract and include direct quotation marks that are clearly relevant: Rightly or wrongly, I interpreted the label as a mark that I was basically flawed, that the bad parts of me far outweighed any good properties that might besides be portion of my personality aˆÂ ¦and being told that I had a personality upset and that there was no remedy or intervention. The illation was that I was merely made this manner and that was the terminal of it. The article besides highlights the findings of Pilgrim ( 2001 ) who suggest that hapless responses to personality upset occur because causes are non known and that intervention results are frequently unpredictable and undependable. In sing this sort of grounds, it is easy to understand Ruth s surrender following another A A ; E admittance which in her head will convey approximately yet another dissatisfying rhythm curative hopelessness with small opportunity of any success. ( should this paragraph be justified or left centred? ) The state of affairs raised in the instance survey typifies many of the negative issues associated with the support that people with a diagnosing of marginal personality upset receive: dismissive attitudes, inconsistent attacks and autocratic attacks seem to be consistent subjects and are evidently non altering the nature and results of curative intercessions. While it might be hard at this phase, it seems of import for Ruth to take some duty perchance self-managing some grade of the presenting hazard which is consistent with the counsel provided by Wright and Jones ( 2012 ) and is besides in line with best pattern as detailed in the NICE counsel ( 2009 ) . This should be clearly stated within the attention program. Mead and Copland ( 2000 ) suggest that people are able to turn through positive hazards taking and that authorization through individual centred support can reframe typical service user response to hard, crisis state of affairss. Practically this can be supported through clear and effectual attention planning and this should be built into an person s intervention and crisis program. Ruth, along with her attention coordinator, should carefully see schemes to pull off ague and chronic hazards developing and integrating these in the attention program as appropriate. This will guarantee consistence when the attention coordinator is absent, guaranting that Ruth s attention and support follows boundaries and consistence agreed with her and thereby guaranting she is treated with self-respect, regard and compassion. Although hazard to self which Sherry ( 2007 ) clearly links to the diagnosing of marginal personality upset must be responded to in the context of community mental wellness services, admittance to psychiatric inpatient unit should merely take topographic point as a last resort and the least restrictive options should be pursued. The stepped attention theoretical account offers a utile statutory response and if hazards remain elevated so Ruth should be considered foremost for the high strength squad so a referral crisis declaration and place intervention squad, notwithstanding any negativeness that may environ her historical presentations. If possible excess support from attention coordinator would be the ideal solution, as this would use the curative relationship in topographic point to back up and steer Ruth through her crisis. In systematically disputing state of affairss Ruth s attention coordinator could besides research with Ruth and Megan a autonomous support ( SDS ) bundle. Th is bundle could back up with activities of her pick and it is possible for this to be used for Ruth to research and entree some community resources hence constructing societal webs for Ruth and alleviating Megan of some of the force per unit area of her carer s function. Hatton and Waters ( 2011 ) place the comparative success of SDS/personalisation in connexion with people sing mental wellness issues and this is at its most good when persons pursue direct payments and unafraid support on their ain footings. Whichever option in footings of ongoing support is chosen so it seems that there is demand for a more collaborative, shared attack both in connexion with hazard and besides around longer-term support schemes. The work and theories of Rogers ( 1956, 1957 ) specify the nucleus conditions of reding including unconditioned positive respect ( UPR ) , empathy and congruity for curative relationships to win peculiarly so in the context of personality alteration. It is of import to observe that this is a value based attack and religion that the individual can determine their ain positive hereafter if the status highlighted above can be provided. It is non a set of tools and techniques that can be turned on and off to accommodate practician demands at a given clip or chance. It links good to considerations around motivational attacks and Ruth s and Megan s desire to travel on is a good index in this respect. Basically, by following humanistic attacks, the purpose is to develop a form of inter action and support which keeps Ruth centrally involved in the nature and form of the curative relationship which will of course affect cardinal determinations about, hazard, intervention options, attention planning and end planning. Clearly this type of interaction is hard to sketch to all involved professionals but careful entries and appraisal within electronic records can assist significantly in modifying the responses all statutory workers who may meet Ruth in the professional work. If this person-centred attack is adopted so it will stand for a important displacement in the attention and support Ruth has received in her short psychiatric calling .

The Columbine Incident Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Columbine Incident - Essay Example Twelve youngsters who had all their life before them were wantonly and mercilessly murdered, and dozens of others were seriously injured. On recovering from the initial shock of hearing or reading about this incident, if one starts thinking about it, it seems very likely that the two sick villains perpetrating this crime were probably taking revenge of some sorts. For the simple reason that if not one but two persons randomly opened fire within the premises of a fully populated high school, with hundreds of students moving around, there would have definitely been more casualties. One must remember that the perpetrators knew their way with guns, and had indeed used powerful weapons, walking down the length and breadth of the school building hunting people down, while everyone was frantically trying to escape or hide. Another important fact of this incident is that the killers killed themselves in the end. Such prima facie impressions engendered by this tragic incident may have prompte d the various theories that circulated in the media as to the murderers' possible motives, in the immediate aftermath of the event. The fact that they killed themselves suggested a strong possibility that these guys could somehow have been underlings victimized by the school bullies, and this is their way of evening the scores.

21st Century Technology in Today's Classroom Essay - 1

21st Century Technology in Today's Classroom - Essay Example context, which includes â€Å"the institutional objectives of the e-learning program, the role and skills of any instructor, longevity of the resources, and cultural sensitivities†; and influence, which means how the e-learning design will influence the learner, the learning community, and the environment in which the learning is taking place (Brown & Voltz, 2005, pp. 4-7). Article 2 Abstract: Teacher’s conception of e-learning and e-teaching is also crucial. Teacher’s like e-learning because it excites their students, and provides a way for lectures to become more interesting. Moreover, students have a way of exploring their tacit knowledge, and learn more about co-operative learning and how to behave in social situations. Teachers also like e-learning because it gives them a way to give students extra information, outside the lecture and it also gives the teacher a way to give information to the masses. On the other hand, for some cultures, self-study is difficult. For instance, for a Chinese student, who still expects the teacher to provide information through the lectures, self-study through e-learning is difficult. Therefore, there needs to be ways to overcome these challenges (McConnell & Zhao, 2006). Article 3 Abstract: This article talks about cultural differences, which could prove a challenge to the e-learning community. Different cultures share knowledge in different ways. Some cultures are individualistic, which means that these cultures put personal goals in front of group goals; collectivistic cultures are the opposite. The individualistic cultures see information independent of context, while the collectivistic cultures need contextual cues and disregard information in writing. Anther difference in culture includes in-group and out-group orientation. Cultures which are out-group orientated do not have a problem sharing information outside their group; in-group orientated cultures do. Some cultures have a strong fear of losing